international movement to abolish slavery: the movement began during the 1600s among dissenting Protestants and Quakers; during the 1700s, antislavery ideas were preached in the Great Awakening and urged on the reading public by Voltaire, Rousseau, and other writers of the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBabsolute monarchyB
complete control of government by a hereditary ruler: the strongest example of an absolute monarch was Louis XIV of France; even Louis XIV, however, had to put down the occasional rebellions of nobles, Protestant Huguenots, discontented peasants, and others unhappy with his reign
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAdam SmithB
Scottish economist and political philosopher (1723-1790) who argued the case for free trade; his influential book, IThe Wealth of Nations,I was published in 1776
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAgricultural RevolutionB
the change from medieval to modern scientific farming that began during the 1600s; agriculture was one of the first areas in which scientific knowledge gained during the Renaissance was applied; new farming and breeding methods were introduced during the 1600s and spread throughout Europe during the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlexandre DumasB
the name of two French writers, father and son; the father wrote historical novels, such as IThe Three Musketeers, Iwhile the son helped create the modern French comedy of manners
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAmerican RevolutionB
war fought by the thirteen American colonies for independence from the British Empire; the American Revolution lasted from 1775-1783; both Spain and France, hoping to weaken Great Britain, a rival European power, sent soldiers to help the American rebels
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaristocracyB
members of the noble families of Europe; traditionally, aristocrats were descendants of feudal nobles, and many noble families in the 1700s did claim descent from ancient times; others, however, were granted nobility by monarchs in return for exceptional services
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAthensB
chief city-state of ancient Greece, known as the birthplace of democracy; Greek political writings by Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers formed the basis for centuries of European debate over the best type of government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAustrian EmpireB
empire of the Hapsburgs, who controlled vast areas of land in the region now shared by Austria, Hungary, and Germany
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBastilleB
medieval prison near Paris, France, that was noted for housing Voltaire and other political dissenters; the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBenjamin FranklinB
writer, inventor, diplomat, and one of the founding fathers of the United States; Franklin lived from 1706-1790
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBill of RightsB
first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States; the Bill of Rights guarantees basic civil rights to United States citizens
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBoston Tea PartyB
Pre-Revolutionary War protest (1773) in which American Sons of Liberty, wearing Indian buckskins and war paint, boarded British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped their precious cargo of tea into the water
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBourbonsB
monarchs of France; the dynasty to which Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI belonged; the War of the Spanish Succession was just one of the European dynastic wars in which the Bourbons took part
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcanalB
artificial waterway linking two natural waterways; many canals in Europe, for example, connected two rivers near their headwaters-- this made possible direct water transportation between the Mediterranean and Baltic seas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcapitalismB
system in which most of the means of production are owned and operated by private individuals
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCarbonariB
members of an Italian secret society that worked for the independence of Italy during the early 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCatherine IIB
czarina of Russia known as Catherine the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762-1796; Catherine II imported French fashions, and exported Russian rule to much of Poland
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles BaudelaireB
French Symbolist writer (1821-1867) who became the first modern poet
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChassidimB
reform movement within Judaism that began in the 1700s among Polish Jews and spread through the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe during the 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClara BartonB
founder of the American Red Cross who lived between 1821-1912
Ec[000000]f[16]LBclipper shipB
the fastest sailing ship of its time (it was invented in the 1830s) with speeds approaching 20 knots; the clipper ship, built for speed, sailed throughout the world, gathering materials that helped spread the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCongress of ViennaB
an international conference convened in 1815 that negotiated the boundaries of Europe in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars
Ec[000000]f[16]LBConstitution of the United StatesB
document that describes the laws and political structure of American democracy; one of the most widely imitated documents in history, the Constitution was adopted in 1788; the Bill of Rights was added in 1791
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcotton ginB
machine for picking the seeds out of cotton, patented in 1794 by the American inventor Eli Whitney; the gin, by greatly increasing the demand for cotton, thus increased the demand for slaves; slave-grown cotton from the American South was woven in some of Europe's earliest factories
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCumberland RoadB
road that carried pioneers through the Appalachian Mountains into Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois; construction of the road, authorized by Congress in 1806, began in 1811
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdecimal currencyB
currency whose units are divided and multiplied by tens; thanks to Alexander Hamilton, the money of the United States is a decimal currency; thinkers in Enlightenment times were obsessed with regulating their currencies because so much financial havoc had resulted from currency being a royal plaything
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDeclaration of IndependenceB
document declaring the independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain; the Declaration of Independence was adopted on Independence Day: July 4, 1976
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDeclaration of the Rights of ManB
French document written by Lafayette and others in 1789 that listed grievances against the monarch and demanded representative government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDeismB
eighteenth-century philosophy that thought of God as uninvolved in the world and approachable only through reasoned admiration of the order in nature; this theology was consistent with the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdemocracyB
rule by the people through means of fair elections
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDenis DiderotB
leading writer and intellectual figure of the Enlightenment who compiled and edited from 1750-1772 an encyclopedia of all current knowledge
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDirectoryB
group that governed France from 1795-1799 after the fall of Robespierre
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDorothea DixB
American reformer (1802-1887) who campaigned extensively on behalf of the poor, the imprisoned, and asylum inmates; she also headed Union nursing efforts during the Civil War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdmund BurkeB
British statesman (1729-1797) who supported, in the British Parliament, the American colonists at the time of the American Revolution; later, after the excesses of the French Revolution, he became more conservative
Ec[000000]f[16]LBenlightened despotB
powerful monarch who did what was best for his subjects, a popular ideal in the 1700s; Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia were the most commonly cited examples of enlightened despots in the 1700s-- neither, however, was particularly enlightened in comparison to modern standards of civil rights and justice
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnlightenmentB
also known as the Age of Reason, the cultural change that took place during the eighteenth century, largely in response to new scientific discoveries; the period was characterized by optimism and faith in the human ability to solve problems through natural laws and reason
Ec[000000]f[16]LBErie CanalB
artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic seaboard to the Great Lakes; completed in 1825, it ran between Buffalo and New York, New York
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEstates-GeneralB
traditional parliament of feudal France, divided into three estates: the nobility, the clergy, and the commons; this body was dissolved by the Bourbons and did not meet at all from 1614-1789; the reconvening of the Estates-General was one of the steps that led to the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEugene DelacroixB
the major painter of the Romantic movement in France, who lived from 1798-1863; he is especially noted for his loose, free style of painting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFebruary RevolutionB
the upheaval in the French government that took place in 1848, and brought about the abdication of King Louis Philippe and the creation of the Second Republic
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFelix MendelssohnB
an important composer of the Romantic era; born in Germany, he lived from 1807-1847
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFirst Continental CongressB
an assembly of elected delegates from the English colonies that was convened in 1774 in response to the Intolerable Acts, a new series of taxes and duties imposed by Great Britain following the Boston Tea Party of 1773
Ec[000000]f[16]LBflying shuttleB
mechanized shuttle invented by John Kay of Great Britain that enabled weaving to be done by machine in factories; before this invention, introduced in 1733, most weaving was done by hand in the cottages of farm workers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancisco de GoyaB
Spanish painter (1746-1828) who was noted both for his satiric official portraits of Charles IV and other Bourbons, and his impassioned paintings and drawings of the Spanish Revolution of 1808
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancois VoltaireB
French Enlightenment writer and encyclopedist (1694-1778) who was known for popularizing the discoveries of Newton and other scientists and for speculating about the philosophy of Deism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFranz LizstB
Hungarian composer (1811-1886) who extensively used folk melodies in his works
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrederic ChopinB
Polish composer (1810-1849) who is best known for his piano works
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrederick DouglassB
American writer, born into slavery in 1817, who became the most famous and convincing orator of the abolitionist movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfreedom of religionB
the right to follow any or no religion, according to individual conscience; establishing this right in Europe was a centuries-long process, which erupted in violence during the wars of the Reformation; the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution helped to establish Ec[000000]f[16]LFthis right; in the United States, this right was established by the Bill of Rights
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrench and Indian WarB
the name given to the American branch of the Seven Years War (1756-1763); this war was an international war between Great Britain and France, and their respective allies; at the end of the war, France lost most of its territories in America
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrench RevolutionB
civil war that overthrew the French monarchy and established the Republic of France; the revolution began on July 14, 1789 with the storming of the Bastille, a prison near Paris, by an angry mob; the fighting lasted a full decade and was followed by the rule of Napoleon
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFriedrich SchillerB
pioneer in the German Romantic movement who lived from 1759-1805; his most famous work, "Ode to Joy" (1785), was later used by Beethoven for the choral arrangement of his Ninth Symphony
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge (Lord Byron) GordonB
English writer who is so much identified with Romanticism that "Byronic" means "Romantic"; IDon JuanI, his mock-epic poem, is a comic masterpiece of the Romantic era
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge WashingtonB
American Revolutionary leader and first president of the United States; Washington (1732-1799) is known as the father of his country
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGermaine Necker De StaelB
the first important female writer in France (1766-1817); she was the daughter of Jacques Necker, the financier who tried to make Louis XVI call the Estates-General
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGotthold Ephraim LessingB
the first modern master of German literature; he lived from 1729-1781
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat FearB
widespread panic among French rural peasants, which followed the reconvening of the Estates-General in June, 1789; during the Great Fear, peasants refused to pay taxes to their aristocratic landlords
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreek War of IndependenceB
war that took place from 1821-1832, in which Greece fought against the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled it since the late Middle Ages
Ec[000000]f[16]LBguillotineB
a large, sliding knife developed as a "humane" method of execution during the French Revolution; among those who died by guillotine were the king and queen of France and many revolutionaries who tried to urge a more moderate course on their fellow rebels
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGustave FlaubertB
French writer who lived from 1821-1880; his best-known work is IMadame BovaryI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHanoverB
family that ruled only a small German state prior to 1701, when George, the Elector of Hanover, became George I of England; England, under the rule of this family, would become the most powerful nation in the world
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry David ThoreauB
American author (1817-1862) whose book, IWalden PondI, is one of the classics of the Romantic Movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHonore BalzacB
France's greatest novelist (1799-1859) who published a group of related novels called IThe Human ComedyI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHonore DaumierB
French artist (1808-1879) who was known for his realistic scenes of the lives of the poor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHorace WalpoleB
novelist who lived from 1717-1797; he started a craze for Gothic novels, which helped cause the Romantic movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhot-air balloonB
aviation device that rises because its large bag is filled with heated gases that are lighter than air; the first hot air balloon was launched in 1783 by the Montgolfier brothers of France
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndustrial RevolutionB
the change from making things by hand to manufacturing them in factories; it began during the 1700s but did not reach most of the world until the next century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIntolerable ActsB
a series of harsh new laws and taxes: Great Britain's response to the Boston Tea Party of 1773; the Acts led to the First Continental Congress and, eventually, the American Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacobinsB
radical political faction during the French Revolution that was led by Robespierre
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacques-Louis DavidB
leading painter of the French Revolution, who lived from 1748-1845; he was "dictator of the arts" under Napoleon Bonaparte; David used classical images to evoke feelings of patriotism toward the new French Republic
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJane AustenB
British writer (1775-1817) who wrote the English classics IPride and Prejudice Iand IEmmaI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Jacques RousseauB
novelist and essayist (1712-1780) of the French Enlightenment; he wrote IThe Social Contract I(1776), one of the most influential books of the Enlightenment; Rousseau's works also includeI Ithe novel IEmile (I1762) and his autobiographical IConfessions (I1765)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Auguste-Dominique IngresB
French artist (1780-1867) who painted many Napoleonic scenes in the classical style and "Oriental" pictures portraying Turkish and Egyptian themes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Francois MilletB
French artist who lived from 1814-1875
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohann Wolfgang von GoetheB
a leading figure of the German Romantic movement who lived from 1749-1832; his great drama, IFaustI, is set in the late Middle Ages and contains many of the central themes of the Romantic movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn BrownB
abolitionist who led a band of armed men in an attack on the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in October, 1859; he subsequently was hanged
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn ConstableB
English artist who studied landscapes by the Dutch "Old Masters" to perfect such techniques as chiaroscuro-- the use of dramatic lights and shadows
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn HancockB
American Revolutionary leader (1737-1793) who served as president of the Second Continental Congress at which the Declaration of Independence was signed; the first to sign, Hancock wrote his name in huge letters
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn MiltonB
English poet (1608-1674) whose masterpiece, IParadise LostI, was completed in 1665; in his own time, Milton was better known for the pamphlets that he wrote during the English Civil War, advocating freedom of religion and the press
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Singleton CopleyB
American painter (1738-1815) of the late colonial and early national periods
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn TrumbullB
American painter (1756-1843) whose best works, depicting Revolutionary-era subjects, were made around the turn of the century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJose de San MartinB
liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru during the South American Revolution fought against Spain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoseph NapoleonB
the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte; he was declared king of Spain after the French invasion of that country in 1808
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJuly RevolutionB
an 1830 rebellion against attempts to restore the monarchy in France; the event was to France what the Glorious Revolution was to England-- the assertion of the supremacy of parliament over the monarchy, establishing the right of elected bodies to choose monarchs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKarl MarxB
founder of communism who lived from 1818-1883; his major works include the ICommunist Manifesto Iand IDas CapitalI, an analysis of capitalism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBland enclosureB
an important development in the 1700s in the movement toward more scientific farming; enclosure involved fencing in common lands in order to make possible crop rotation, fertilizer application, and other agricultural improvements; unfortunately, since villagers and peasants Ec[000000]f[16]LFtraditionally had grazed their cattle on common lands, enclosure also led to widespread displacement and hunger
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLegislative AssemblyB
ruling body of France from 1791-92 that was dominated by moderate, middle- and upper-class Girondists, many of whom lost their heads to the newly liberated mobs who took over during the Reign of Terror
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLewis and ClarkB
American explorers who traveled by river across the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase; Lewis and Clark followed the Missouri River westward and then traveled to the Pacific Ocean before returning to St. Louis
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLiberty, Equality, Fraternity B
slogan of the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlithographB
print made from the process of drawing on a smooth-surfaced stone with grease-based chalk: water-based ink is then rolled onto the stone-- greased portions of the stone do not print, and ink impressions remain on the stone's surface
Ec[000000]f[16]LBloomB
a machine for weaving cloth: hand looms were invented in ancient Egypt and known throughout antiquity; weaving technology hardly changed until the late 1600s and early 1700s; looms were among the first water- and steam-powered machines of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XVIB
monarch who ruled France at the time of the French Revolution; he and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were beheaded by guillotine during the Reign of Terror
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouisiana PurchaseB
the purchase from France of the entire Mississippi River basin by President Thomas Jefferson; this huge acquisition nearly doubled the land area of the United States
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLudwig von BeethovenB
important Romantic composer who was born in Germany in 1770; one of his most famous works is theI 1812 OvertureI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarie AntoinetteB
Hapsburg queen of France beheaded by guillotine in 1793 during the Reign of Terror; the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, her marriage to Louis XVI of France was arranged to unite the Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarquis de LafayetteB
French hero (1757-1834) of the American and French Revolutions; Louis XVI, the French monarch, allowed Lafayette to help the Americans because he hoped to weaken Great Britain, which recently had defeated France in the Seven Years War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary WollstonecraftB
English writer noted for penning the first declaration of the women's rights movement, IA Vindication of the Rights of WomenI, and the novel, IFrankensteinI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMethodismB
reform movement within Protestantism founded by Charles and John Wesley in the 1730s; the movement spread rapidly during the 18th century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMexican WarB
war between the United States and Mexico, which lasted from 1845-1848; the war was opposed by abolitionists, who feared the extension of slavery into conquered Mexican territory, and heartily supported by Texans, who wanted to do just that; at the end of the war, Mexico Ec[000000]f[16]LFceded to the United States all of its territories north of the Rio Grande
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMiddle AgesB
those centuries between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance; the period was marked by the rise of the Roman Catholic Church, the spread and collapse of feudalism, and the formative stages of many European nations
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMiguel Hidalgo y CostillaB
Mexican priest (1753-1811) who led an armed rebellion that began Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMontesquieuB
influential French political writer (1689-1755) who proposed a government divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that would hold each other in check; this idea later became part of the United States Constitution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNapoleon BonaparteB
emperor of France from 1804-1815; the French Empire included virtually all of continental Europe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNapoleonic WarsB
wars fought between Napoleon Bonaparte of France and leading European powers from 1803-1815; Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNational AssemblyB
the first convening since 1614 of the Estates-General, the traditional representative body of France; the National Assembly took place in June, 1789
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNational ConventionB
legislative body of France from 1792-1795
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNeoclassicismB
art movement that flourished from 1790-1830
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOttoman EmpireB
the rule by Ottoman Turks over most of the Middle East; revolts against the Ottomans in Serbia, Arabia, and Greece hastened the fall of the empire, which was founded in the late 13th century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaganini NiccoloB
skilled violin player who lived from 1782-1840
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPercy Bysshe ShelleyB
British lyric poet (1792-1822) whose masterpiece, IPrometheus UnboundI, celebrates the defiant spirit of the Greeks
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilosophesB
group of French writers and thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment; the most famous were Diderot and Voltaire
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplowB
simple or complex machine for turning the earth in rows for planting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPompeiiB
Roman city covered by ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79; when its ruins were uncovered in 1748, Europeans saw a slice of antiquity, perfectly preserved, including bread still in the ovens and workshops complete with hastily abandoned tools
Ec[000000]f[16]LBQuakersB
members of the Society of Friends, who sought the "inner light" in their meetings and religious teachings; Quakers were active in the fight against slavery in both Great Britain and America
Ec[000000]f[16]LBReformationB
reaction against the Roman Catholic Church during the 1500s, begun by Martin Luther but continued by rulers (mostly northern European) who did not want to pay allegiance to the Pope; most Protestant denominations began during this period
Ec[000000]f[16]LBReign of TerrorB
period during the French Revolution when the most radical elements were in charge of the government; under the leadership of Robespierre, many aristocrats were beheaded at the guillotine, including Queen Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRembrandt van RynB
Dutch painter (1606-1669) regarded as one of the foremost Old Masters
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRenaissanceB
the rebirth of interest in the arts, literature, and classical antiquity, and the start of modern scientific inquiry, that began in Italy in the 14th century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRepublic of TexasB
nation formed when Texas declared its independence from Mexico in 1836
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRight of AssemblyB
right of the people to meet peacefully for any reason, including criticizing the government; the idea that the people should have this right grew during the Age of Enlightenment and became part of the United States Constitution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobert FultonB
American inventor whose ship, the IClermont,I was the first commercially successful steamboat; the IClermontI made its first voyage in 1807
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobespierreB
leader of the Jacobins political faction during the French Revolution; he lived from 1758-1794
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman EmpireB
period in ancient Roman history dating from the time Augustus became emperor in 27 B.C. to the fall of Rome more than 500 years later
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman RepublicB
period in ancient Roman history before Rome came under the rule of an emperor; the Roman Republic lasted from 509 to 27 B.C.; during these centuries, Rome was ruled by political bodies such as the Senate, which represented certain groups of people
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanovB
Russian royal dynasty that ruled from 1613-1917
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRosetta StoneB
an inscribed stone discovered in 1799 by Napoleon's troops during their invasion of Egypt; the stone, containing both Greek and hieroglyphic inscriptions, provided the key to translating ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSamuel ColeridgeB
one of the founders of the Romantic movement in England; he lived from 1772 to 1834
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSamuel F. B. MorseB
leading American painter and inventor of the telegraph; his system of electronic dots and dashes, the Morse Code, is still in use today
Ec[000000]f[16]LBScientific RevolutionB
change from seeking religious or miraculous explanations for natural phenomena to seeking scientific explanations; the movement began with the discoveries of Newton and other scientists in the late 1600s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBserfsB
people who were tied to working the land of the noble lords
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSeven Years WarB
war fought between France and England from 1756-1763 over colonial lands, trades routes, and inheritances; part of this war took place in America, where it was called the French and Indian War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSimon BolivarB
Venezuelan nobleman and general who liberated much of South America from the rule of Spain; he attended the coronation of Napoleon during his "Grand Tour" of Europe in 1804 and began his campaigns for independence in 1810
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSir Isaac NewtonB
English scientist (1642-1726), known as the father of modern science, who formulated the laws of gravity and planetary motion, helped invent calculus, and explored the variations of the light spectrum
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSir Joshua ReynoldsB
British painter (1723-1792) known for his study of the Old Masters, especially Rubens, and for his elegant portraits
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSpanish RevolutionB
revolt by loyal Spaniards against the rule of Napoleon, who overthrew Charles IV in 1808; the revolution spread to South America, where many nations declared their independence from Napoleonic Spain, in the name of the deposed king; later, after the king had been restored, he Ec[000000]f[16]LFdid not repay his colonists' loyalty, which led to demands for independence from Spain itself
Ec[000000]f[16]LBspinning jennyB
machine for spinning yarn and thread invented in the 1730s; it was one of the first important machines of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. HelenaB
the island to which Napoleon was exiled in 1815; he died there in 1821
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteamB
form of power produced by boiling water: the steam released from the boiling water runs turbines, which turn engines that were used to operate steam locomotives and steamboats; steam power requires huge amounts of wood and coal for boiling the water; this form of power is still in use, especially in home radiator systems
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTennis Court OathB
meeting of French elected representatives that took place on June 20, 1789; it was the first meeting of the Estates-General since 1614; the delegates met despite Louis XVI's opposition because they were determined to give France some form of representative government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIThe Last of the MohicansBI
novel by James Fenimore Cooper (1826) set during the French and Indian War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe RestorationB
return of rule by the monarchy in France after the final defeat of Napoleon; the Congress of Vienna (1815) restored Bourbon rule to France after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe Serbian RevoltB
Serbian patriot Karageorge (1752-1817) led a successful revolt against the Ottomans in 1804
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas ColeB
first great American landscape artist (1801-1848); he was one of the founders of the Hudson River School of painting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas JeffersonB
author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States; he lived from 1743-1826
Ec[000000]f[16]LBUnited States Civil WarB
civil war fought in the United States between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North, over the issue of slavery; the War between the States began in April, 1861 when the Confederates fired on the Union Army at Fort Sumter in South Carolina, and ended Ec[000000]f[16]LFin April, 1865 when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIVanity FairBI
novel (1848) by William Thackeray that is set during the Napoleonic Wars
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVersaillesB
huge palace near Paris, France, built by Louis XIV (1638-1715); Versailles continued as the center of the royal government until 1789, when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were deposed in the French Revolution; Versailles now serves as a museum and diplomatic meeting place
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVictor HugoB
French novelist (1802-1885) whose two best-known works are ILes Miserables Iand IThe Hunchback of Notre DameI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of 1812B
war fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812-1815; the war was ended by the Treaty of Ghent
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of the Spanish SuccessionB
war fought between European dynasties from 1701-1714; in this war, the Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties fought for control of the throne of Spain-- a prize that included gold, silver, and other treasures from Spain's colonies in the Americas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBwatercolorB
medium perfected by English artists, in which water-based colors are washed over each other in translucent layers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWhiskey RebellionB
first revolt by U.S. citizens against the United States: the 1794 revolt took place as a protest over taxes; President George Washington used Federal troops to put down the revolt
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam BlakeB
English artist (1757-1827) whose drawings and poetry celebrated the triumph of the emotions over reason; one of the most original artists in history, Blake was also a printer, engraver, and painter; he illustrated and printed his own poetry, which recorded his mystic visions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam Lloyd GarrisonB
American abolitionist who wrote antislavery articles in the newspaper, the ILiberatorI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam TurnerB
English artist (1775-1851) whose watercolors and oil paintings utilized bright, hazy lighting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam WordsworthB
English poet (1770-1850) who was named poet laureate of England in 1843; his best-known poems include "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Ode: Intimations of Immortality"
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWolfgang Amadeus MozartB
Austrian musical genius (1756-1791) whose musical work typifies the Enlightenment; Mozart, who began his life as a child prodigy touring the courts of Europe, was one of the most prolific composers in history, composing hundreds of operas, symphonies, masses, quartets, and other works
